Grant
No.: 001 Year of Award: 1975
Investigator:
Alex Shigo
Title: Tree Injection
and Its Effect on Trees
Key
Words: Injection; Wounding; Chemical Control;
Die Back
Publications
Resulting From Grant: Shigo AL, WE Money &
DI Dodds. 1977. Some internal effects of Mauget tree injections. J. Arboric.
18:213-220.
Shigo AL & R
Campana. 1977. Discolored and decayed wood associated with injection wounds in
American elm. J. Arboric.18:230-235.
Perry TO, FS Santamour, RJ Stipes, T Shear & AL Shigo.
1991. Exploring alternatives to tree injection. J. Arboric. 18:217- 226.
Summary
of Findings: Negligible amounts of discolored
wood and cambial dieback were associated with control Mauget injection wounds
(no chemicals added) made 1 yr earlier on red maple, white oak and shagbark
hickory. Very Large columns of discolored
wood and some cambial dieback were associated with wounds that had been
injected with Bidrin or Meta-Systox-R.
Columns of discolored wood and very little cambial dieback were
associated with wounds that had been injected with Fungisol or Stemix. Injured tissues associated with all wounds
were compartmentalized in the wood present at the time of injection, while wood
that formed subsequently was not infected.
The compartmentalized columns of dicolored wood greatly decreased the
space for storage of energy reserves.
Specialty
Interest: Commercial-1, Municipal-1, Utility -1,
General Interest0.
Chapter
in Which Research Conducted:
Grant
No.: 002 Year of Award: 1975
Investigator:
Richard J. Campana
Title: Development Of
Tolerance Tok Benomyl In Both Aggressive And Non-Aggressive Strains Of
Ceratocystis ulmi.
Key
Words: dutch elm disease; chemical control;
American elm; C.
Publications
Resulting From Grant: Campana RJ & BL
Schafer. 1977. Tolerance of the Dutch elm disease fungus Ceratocystis ulmi to
solubilized benomyl. J. Arboric. 3:108-113.
Summary
of Findings: A comparative evaluation of factors
relative to tolerance of the Dutch elm disease (DED) fungus, Ceratocystis ulmi,
was undertaken. Development of tolerance
was not correlated to pathogenicity (capacity to cause disease) or to mating
type of C. ulmi. Tolerance developed
equally in both aggressive and non-aggressive isolates, as well as in both
mating types of the pathogen. Methyl 2-benzimidazole in hydrochloride (MBC
HCl), a chemical used in the control of DED, appeared to convert aggressive
strains of C. ulmi to non-aggressive ones, at least on a temporary basis. However, in all strains exhibiting tolerance,
some stability was retained after exposure to the chemical was removed. Thus, the effect of the chemical under the
conditions tested here was fungistatic rather than fungicidal.
Specialty
Interest: Commercial-1, Municipal-1, Utility 0,
General Interest0.
Chapter
in Which Research Conducted:
Grant
No.: 003 Year of Award: 1975
Investigator:
Terry A. Tattar
Title: Electrical
Resistance And Physiological Stress Of Trees
Key
Words: Plant stress; stress detection; Shigometer
Publications
Resulting From Grant: Tattar TA & RO
Blanchard. 1977. Electrical techniques for disease diagnosis. J. Arboric.
3:21-24.
Newbanks, D & TA Tattar. 1977. The relationship between
electrical resistance and severity of decline symptoms in Acer
saccharum.
Summary
of Findings: Electrical measurements are
currently being used to detect and diagnose cold temperature injury, internal
discoloration and decay, root rot, vascular wilt disease, air pollution injury,
cankers and proliferation disease in trees.
Research relating electrical measurements to vigor continues. Additional advances are expected from current
research on remote sensing, electrotherapy and on the development of electrical
diagnostic tools. Electrical measurements,
when used in addition to presently available techniques, should yield increased
accuracy in diagnosis and in many cases early detection of tree disease.
Specialty
Interest: Commercial-1, Municipal-1, Utility 0,
General Interest0.
Chapter
in Which Research Conducted:
Grant
No.: 004 Year of Award: 1975
Investigator:
John W. Andresen
Title: Roadside
Vegetation Management
Key
Words: Street trees; vegetation management
Publications
Resulting From Grant: Andresen JW. 1976.
Roadside vegetation management practices. Bull. Ontario Ministry of
Transportation and Communications.
Summary
of Findings:
Specialty
Interest: Commercial0, Municipal-1, Utility -1,
General Interest0.
Chapter
in Which Research Conducted:
Grant
No.: 005 Year of Award: 1975
Investigator:
John W. Andresen
Title: Municipal Tree
Management Survey
Key
Words: Street trees; vegetation management
Publications
Resulting From Grant: Andresen JW. 1979. Tree
inventory manual for Canadian municipalities. Bull. Federation Canadian
Municipalities. 1979-02-01.
109p.
Summary
Of Findings: This manual includes a review, with
numerous examples, of exist- ing tree inventories that can be used to: identify
diseased trees; determine which trees should be saved on a construction site;
appraise the value of trees injured or destroyed; and develop a tree resource
inventory for planning, budgeting, and operating maintenance programs. Three model tree-iventory sys-tems are
demonstrated that are designed to meet small, medium and large sized municipal
governments. Each model includes
recom-mendations for planning, personnel training, transportation, route
layout, survey preparation, survey methods, data summariza-tion, interim
reports, final report, and critique and continuity.
Specialty
Interest: Commercial0, Municipal-1, Utility 0,
General Interest0.
Chapter
in Which Research Conducted:
Grant
No.: 006 Year of Award: 1976
Investigator:
Spencer H. Davis
Title: Fungicide
Control Studies On Tree Diseases
Key
Words: Fungicides; leaf blight; leaf blotch; tip
blight
Publications
Resulting From Grant:
Vasvary LM & SH Davis, Jr. 1976. Tree, shrub and flower
pest control for the homeowner. NJ Coop Ext Serv Leaflet #328. 12p.
Summary
Of Findings: Fungicidal control studies were
conducted for leaf spot on black oak; leaf blight on English hawthorn; leaf
blotch on horsechestnut; tip blight on Austrian pine; and leaf blister disease
on red oak. Manzate 200 (0.75 lb per 100
gal) provided effective control of leaf blight on English hawthorn. The same chemical at concentrations of 1.5 lb
per 100 gal gave excellent control of leaf blotch on horsechestnut. Treatments of Benlate (1 lb per 100 gal) and
Daconil (1.5 pt and 3.0 pt per 100 gal) were not particularly effective against
tip blight in Austrian pine. Manzate 200
and Daconil both gave good control of leaf blister disease in red oak. Data on leaf spot control in black oak were
inconclusive since natural infections of the disease were extremely low.
Specialty
Interest: Commercial-1, Municipal-1, Utility 0,
General Interest0.
Chapter
in Which Research Conducted:
Grant
No.: 007 Year of Award: 1976
Investigator:
Bruce R. Roberts
Title: Trees As
Biological Filters
Key
Words: Air pollution; fumigation; filtration;
SO2
Publications
Resulting From Grant: Roberts BR. 1980. Trees as
biological filters. J. Arboric.6:20-23.
Roberts BR, LS Dochinger & AM Townsend. 1986. Effects of
atmospheric deposition on sulfur and nitrogen content of four urban tree
species. J. Arboric. 12:209-212.
Roberts BR & VM Schnipke. 1983. Height growth and tissue sulfur content of field-grown tree seedlings
from different SO2 environments.
Environ. Hort. 1:72-75.
Summary
of Findings: Foliar uptake of SO2 by various
woody plants was measured in an open fumigation system. Seedlings of red maple, white birch and
sweetgum showed appreciably greater sorption of SO2 on an area and weight basis
than did comparable seedlings of rhododendron, white ash or azalea. Privet and firethorn showed an intermediate
response. Under controlled conditions,
depletion of SO2 by foliage of firethorn remained relatively constant for
periods up to 6 h. There was no
significant difference in the capacity of foliage from white ash and azalea to
remove SO2 from the air at pollutant concentrations of 1.0, 0.5 and 0.2 ppm
compared with uptake at higher concentrations. The data show that foliage of
certain woody plants may significantly reduce ambient SO2 levels in the
microenvironment immediately surrounding individual leaves.
Specialty
Interest: Commercial-1, Municipal-1, Utility 0,
General Interest0.
Chapter
in Which Research Conducted:
Grant
No.: 008 Year of Award: 1976
Investigator:
Carl E. Whitcomb
Title: Factors
Affecting The Establishment Of Urban Trees
Key
Words: Planting; soil amendments; mulch; pruning
Publications
Resulting From Grant: Whitcomb CE. 1979. Factors
affecting the establishment of urban trees. J. Arboric. 5:217-219.
Whitcomb CE. 1987. Establishment and maintenance of landscape
plants. Lacebark Publications,
Summary
of Findings: A series of studies was conducted
to determine ways to improve growth of newly planted trees. Incorporating soil amendments at planting
time and placing black plastic beneath mulches were found to be detrimental to
newly planted trees. Mulches alone were
beneficial, particularly when used to maintain a cleared area around newly
planted trees and reduce the competitive effects of lawn grasses. Pruning back the tops of newly planted
dormant, bareroot deciduous trees was not beneficial.
Specialty
Interest: Commercial-1, Municipal-1, Utility 0,
General Interest0.
Chapter
in Which Research Conducted: Midwestern
Grant
No.: 009 Year of Award: 1977
Investigator:
Lyle E. Craker
Title: Growth And
Development Of Shade Tree Seedlings Under Light Treatments
Key
Words: Light; leaf abscission; plant stress;
ethylene
Publications
Resulting From Grant: Meixing G & LE Craker.
1984. Interaction of light and hormones in elongation of mung bean seedlings.
Plant Physiol. 75:593 (Abstr.)
Summary
Of Findings: Red light delays and far-red light
enhances leaf abscission as compared with non-lighted controls in cuttings of
mung bean (Vigna radiata cv Jumbo) plants.
Ethylene synthesis in tissue was significantly increased by far-red but
not red light. Treatment of the leaves
with aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) and Ag2+ indicated that neither de novo
ethylene synthesis nor ethylene action was involved in the effects of light on
abscission. As measured by the rate of
abscission, red light decreases and far-red increases the sensitivity of tissue
to exogenous ethylene.
Specialty
Interest: Commercial-1, Municipal-1, Utility 0,
General Interest0.
Chapter
in Which Research Conducted:
Grant
No.: 010 Year of Award: 1977
Investigator:
Michael A. Dirr
Title: Development
And Implementation Of Screening Techniques For Determination Of Relative Salt
Tolerance Of Deciduous And
Evergreen Trees
Key
Words: Salt stress; woody ornamentals; sodium
chloride
Publications
Resulting From Grant: Dirr MA. 1978. Tolerance
of seven woody ornamentals to soil-applied sodium chloride. J. Arboric.
4:162-165.
Summary
of Findings: Two-yr-old seedlings of seven woody
ornamental species ranging in reported salt tolerance from good to poor were
salinized with 250 ml of 0.25N NaCl applied daily to the soil. Elaeagnus angustifolia and
Specialty
Interest: Commercial0, Municipal-1, Utility 0,
General Interest0.
Chapter
in Which Research Conducted: Midwestern
Grant
No.: 011 Year of Award: 1977
Investigator:
Ann F. Rhoads
Title: Abiotic Stress
Factors Affecting The Susceptibity Of Sweetgum Trees To Bleeding Necrosis
Key
Words: Plant stress; disease susceptibility;
sweetgum; necrosis
Publications
Resulting From Grant: Rhoads A, PW Meyer & R
Sanfelippo. 1982. Trees for urban parks. National Park Service Rpt MAR-2
(Mid-Atlantic Region) 66 p.
Summary
of Findings: Studies with Botryosphaeria
infection of sweetgum trees confirmed the importance of this pathogen on mature
plantings located at
Specialty
Interest: Commercial-1, Municipal0, Utility 0,
General Interest0.
Chapter
in Which Research Conducted: Penn-Del
Grant
No.: 012 Year of Award: 1977
Investigator:
Leslie H. Fuchigami
Title: Chemical
Defoliation And Maturity Development Of Shade Trees For Improvements In
Survival During Harvesting, Storage And Transplanting
Key
Words: Cold storage; budbreak; root regrowth
Publications
Resulting From Grant: Englert JM, LH Fuchigami
& TH Chen. 1993. Effects of storage temperature and duration on the
performance of bare-root deciduous
hardwood trees. J. Arboric. 19:106-112.
Fuchigami LH. 1977. Ethephon-induced defoliation and delay of
spring growth in Cornus stolonifera Michx. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.
102:452-454.
Summary
Of Findings: Two-yr-old Norway maple, red oak,
European mountain ash, paper birch and Washington hawthorn seedlings were
stored bare-root at temperatures of +4, 0, -2 and -4C for 0, 3 or 6
months. Survival and regrowth of plants
stored at 0, -2 or -4C was better than at +4C.
Survival, root regrowth and % budbreak were maintained at prestorage
levels when the maple, oak, ash and birch species were stored at -4C, and when
hawthorn was stored at -2C. Among the
species tested, Norway maple and European mountain ash appeared most tolerant,
red oak slightly less tolerant, and paper birch and
Specialty
Interest: Commercial-1, Municipal-1, Utility 0,
General Interest0.
Chapter
in Which Research Conducted:
Grant
No.: 013 Year of Award: 1977
Investigator:
Bert T. Swanson
Title: To Determine
Effectiveness Of All Iron Chelates To Correct Iron Deficiency In Trees
To Determine Effectiveness Of All Iron Chelates To Correct
Iron Deficiency In Trees
Key
Words: Chlorosis; mineral stress; nutrition;
iron deficiency
Publications
Resulting From Grant: Morris RL & BT
Swanson. 1990. Iron chlorosis in trees. J. Arboric. 16:279-280.
Morris RL & BT Swanson. 1980. Xylary pH and reduction
potential levels of iron-stressed silver maple. Plant Physiol. 65:387-388.
Morris RL & BT Swanson. 1980. Mineral and chlorophyll
changes in leaf tissue of silver maple after treatment with iron chelates. J.
Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 105:551-555.
Summary
of Findings: Chlorotic silver maples were
treated during bud break with soil-applied EDDHA and trunk implants of
encapsulated FAC, EDTA and DTPA. Foliar
levels of Ca were higher in chlorotic than in green tissue. Chlorophyll levels and twig growth of treated
trees were not significantly different from chlorotic controls after
treatment. Soil Fe levels were different
under chlorotic and green control plants. However, foliar Fe analyses demonstrated that
Fe levels were not different in green and chlorotic tissue. Use of encapsulated FAC 18, FAC 28, FeEDTA
and FeDTPA did not significantly improve twig growth or chlorophyll content in
leaves of silver maple. Leaf Ca levels
were significantly higher in chlorotic than in green leaf tissue. Ca may interfere with the utilization of Fe
at the chloroplast level since foliar Fe levels were not different between
treatments. The significant correlations
between micronutrients concern both Ca or P, both of which have been reported
to interfere with Fe utilization.
Specialty
Interest: Commercial-1, Municipal-1, Utility 0,
General Interest0.
Chapter
in Which Research Conducted: Midwestern
Grant
No.: 014 Year of Award: 1977
Investigator:
Hendrik van
der Werken
Title: Chemicals And
Methods To Increase Propagation Of Shade Trees Without Use Of Understock
Key
Words: Propagation; mineral nutrition;
fertilization; mulch
Publications
Resulting From Grant: van der Werken H. 1981.
Fertilization and other factors enhancing the growth rate of young shade trees.
J. Arboric. 7:33-37.
Summary
of Findings: Young trees established on soil
with medium levels of P & K respond to surface application of N at 120 to
150 lbs/acre with a significant increase in growth rate. N additions without increasing P & K
levels did not affect wood density and fiber length, while trunk caliper and
crown spread gains were relatively greater than height increases. The proportionate relationship between height
and trunk volume favored trunk volume for trees in gravel-mulched groves as
compared to those in grass-mulched groves.
Close spacing (7 ft) of shade trees combined with application of gravel
on plastic mulch resulted in larger trees than wide spacing (24 ft) in
grass. On P deficient soil broadcasted
slow release 14-14-14 gave the highest growth index, while urea formaldehyde
gave the lowest. On soil containing a
medium level of P, broadcast applications of soluble 20-20-20 and of ammonium
nitrate were most effective for growth rate increase for five of the six
species tested.
Specialty
Interest: Commercial-1, Municipal-1, Utility 0,
General Interest0.
Chapter
in Which Research Conducted: Southern
Grant
No.: 015 Year of Award: 1978
Investigator:
Franklin F. Laemmlen
Title: The
Epidemiology, Etiology and Chemical Control Of Cytospora Canker Of Colorado
Blue Spruce
Key
Words: The Epidemiology, Etiology and Chemical
Control Of Cytospora Canker Of Colorado Blue Spruce
Publications
Resulting From Grant: Kamiri LK & FF
Laemmlen. 1981. Effects of drought stress and wounding on Cytospora canker
development on Colorado blue spruce. J. Arboric. 7:113-116.
Kamiri LK & FF Laemmlen. 1981. Epidemiology of
Cytospora canker caused in Colorado blue
spruce by Valsa kunzei.
Phytopathol. 71:941-947.
Summary
Of Findings: Trees subjected to drought stress
in the greenhouse following inoculation with inoculum produced from
monoascospore cultures developed significantly (p=0.001) more cankered branches
than did inoculated, non-drought stressed trees. Inoculation of drought stressed and
non-drought stressed trees with inoculum produced from monoconidium cultures
did not cause infection. No infection
with either inoculum occurred in the absence of wounding.
Specialty
Interest: Commercial-1, Municipal0, Utility 0,
General Interest0.
Chapter
in Which Research Conducted:
Grant
No.: 016 Year of Award: 1978
Investigator:
Robert G. Mower
Title: Evaluation Of
New Cultivars Of Shade Trees For Growth, Performance And Landscape
Characteristics
Key
Words: Urban trees; evaluation techniques;
cultivar selection
Publications
Resulting From Grant: Mower RG & RE Lee.
1983. Sequence of bloom of perennials, biennials, and bulbs: including height
and color range. Cornell Coop Ext. Bull. 196. 13p.
Summary
of Findings: Funds from this grant were used to
support graduate student investigations of the feasibility of using
standardized shade tree evaluation techniques and to assist in the acquisition
of tree cultivars for incorporation into tree trials at
Specialty
Interest: Commercial0, Municipal-1, Utility 0,
General Interest0.
Chapter
in Which Research Conducted:
Grant
No.: 017 Year of Award: 1978
Investigator:
Harold Pellett
Title: Evaluation Of
Fall Watering Practices To Winter Survival Of Deciduous And Evergreen Trees
Key
Words: Irrigation; water stress; temperature
stress
Publications
Resulting From Grant: Pellett H. 1980.
Relationship of fall watering practices to winter injury of conifers. J.
Arboric. 6:146-149.
Pellett H. 1981. Minimizing winter injury of shade trees. J.
Arboric. 7:309-312.
Summary
of Findings: The purpose of this study was to
determine the value of fall watering after water stress on the winter survival
of container-grown arborvitae. Plants
subjected to water stress treatments had a much lower water content in late
summer than plants maintained under more optimal soil water conditions. The water content of all plants decreased as
the season progressed; however, the plants that were given the highest water
level decreased at a much faster rate.
Watering during dry periods in late summer or early fall is beneficial
to reduce incidence of injury to conifers.
However, the timing of irrigation is very citical and must be applied to
prevent water stress from becoming acute.
Watering in late fall prior to freezeup is not very beneficial in
reducing winter injury of conifer stems and leaf tissue following fall
droughts. However, because the
temperature of moist soil does not drop quite as low as the temperature of dry
soil, fall watering could reduce winter injury to root tissues.
Specialty
Interest: Commercial-1, Municipal-1, Utility 0,
General Interest0.
Chapter
in Which Research Conducted: Midwestern
Grant
No.: 018 Year of Award: 1978
Investigator:
Ronald G. Wilbert
Title: Comparison Of
Bare-Root vs Tree-Space Transplanting Of
Boulevard Trees
Key
Words: Transplanting; bare-root; tree spade;
street trees
Publications
Resulting From Grant:
Summary
of Findings: Dormant trees of green ash, black
ash, hackberry and Amur cherry were transplanted along residential streets
either by means of a 110 cm tree spade or bare-rooted, and small trees were
transplanted bare-rooted only. First
season's shoot growth and leaf size of spaded trees was four to ten times
larger than on comparable sized bare-rooted trees and approximately twice as
large as small bare-rooted trees. Growth
during the second season of small bare-rooted trees was greater than that of
larger trees regardless of transplant method.
Amur cherry was the only species in this study which showed losses due
to transplant shock during the first year.
One large tree each of green ash and black ash transplanted bare-rooted
was lost during the second year.
Specialty
Interest: Commercial0, Municipal-1, Utility 0,
General Interest0.
Chapter
in Which Research Conducted: Prairie
Grant
No.: 019 Year of Award: 1978
Investigator:
Roy M. Sachs
Title: Inhibition Of
Tree Growth By Chemically Induced Girdling
Key
Words: Chemical control; growth regulators;
girdling
Publications
Resulting From Grant: Sachs RM & P Neumann.
1983. Inhibition of phloem transport by metabolic inhibitors. J. Arboric. 9:vii
(Abstr.)
Summary
of Findings: Morphactin (chlorflurenol, the
active ingredient in Maintain) was found to inhibit cambial activity and alter
phloem transport in pines. Treatments at
concentrations that inhibited cambial activity yet permit cambial regeneration
could result in the use of the chlorflurenols in the chemical control of growth
in many tree species.
Specialty
Interest: Commercial0, Municipal0, Utility -1,
General Interest0.
Chapter
in Which Research Conducted: Western
Grant
No.: 020 Year of Award: 1979
Investigator:
Henry D. Gerhold
Title: Selecting
Trees For Urban Planting
Key
Words: Urban trees; cultivar selection; performance
testing
Publications
Resulting From Grant: Gerhold HD & CJ
Sacksteder. 1982. Better ways of selecting trees for urban plantings. J.
Arboric. 8:145-153.
Gerhold HD. 1985. Performance testing of street tree
cultivars: a model project. J. Arboric. 11:263-271.
Gerhold, HD. 1987. Restoring trees, rebuilding pride in
communities: the municipal tree restoration program. Penna. Forests 78:2-4.
Summary
of Findings: How to choose the best species and
cultivars for particular planting sites is a challenging problem even for
experienced arborists. Many types of
information are available to guide decisions, but more specific and precise
urban performance data are needed. A threefold
strategy is suggested for urban tree managers: 1) exploit current knowledge
more fully; 2) participate in tree testing to obtain more extensive, objective
data; and 3) consider special analyses of existing plantings to fill the gap
until test results become available.
Specialty
Interest: Commercial0, Municipal-1, Utility 0,
General Interest0.
Chapter
in Which Research Conducted: Penn-Del
Grant
No.: 021 Year of Award: 1979
Investigator:
Marvin K. Harris
Title: Surveying The
Pecan As A Shade Tree In Urban Environmen
Key
Words: Tree selection; remote sensing; infrared
photography
Publications
Resulting From Grant: Rodgers LC & MK
Harris. 1983. Remote sensing survey of pecan trees in five
Summary
of Findings: Canopy coverage of the total tree
populations and pecan tree populations in five
Specialty
Interest: Commercial-1, Municipal-1, Utility 0,
General Interest0.
Chapter
in Which Research Conducted:
Grant
No.: 022 Year of Award: 1979
Investigator:
George W. Huldler
Title: Anatomy And
Physiology Of Girdling Roots
Key
Words: Girdling roots; root growth; Norway maple
Publications
Resulting From Grant: Hudler GW & MA Beale.
1981. Anatomical features of girdling root injury. J. Arboric. 7:29-32.
Summary
of Findings: The root system of a Norway maple
affected by girdling roots was excavated, dissected, and examined
microscopically. Cross-sectional area of
vessels in the stem xylem affected by the girdle was only 10% that of
unaffected wood. Rays in the stem wood
were skewed and contained few pits. Bark
on the girdled stems was compressed from a normal thickness of about 2.5 cm to
1 mm. The offending roots sustained
slight compression of cells where they were in contact with the stem and
appeared to remain functional. Thus,
girdling roots apparently cause tree decline by reducing stem conductivity and
radial communication between tissues.
Specialty
Interest: Commercial-1, Municipal-1, Utility 0,
General Interest0.
Chapter
in Which Research Conducted:
Grant
No.: 023 Year of Award: 1979
Investigator:
David F. Hamilton
Title: Critical
Effect Of Fertilization On Root Growth
Key
Words: Fertilization; transplanting survival;
mycorrhizae; Fertilization; transplanting survival; mycorrhizae; Fertilization;
transplanting survival; mycorrhizae;
Fertilization; transplanting survival; mycorrhizae; shoot
growth; root growth
Publications
Resulting From Grant: Hamilton DF, MEC Graca
& SD Verkade. 1981. Critical effects of fertility on root and shoot growth
of selected landscape plants. J. Arboric. 7:281-290.
Summary
of Findings: In the transition from a production
nursery to the landscape, the percentage survial of woody trees and shrubs is
sometimes small due to limited root growth.
It is important to nurserymen and arboriculturists that proper fertility
programs be determined that will maintain a proper balance in growth between
shoots and roots. Studies with
Cotoneaster divaricata showed that root growth was not increased by N addition
up to 500 mg/l of soil mix. High N
levels actually had negative effects on root growth, whereas P slightly
stimulated growth. Mycorrhizal
inoculation of Liriodendron tulipifera did not promote root or shoot growth
without application of fertilizer.
Specialty
Interest: Commercial-1, Municipal-1, Utility 0,
General Interest0.
Chapter
in Which Research Conducted:
Grant
No.: 024 Year of Award: 1979
Investigator:
Ray E. Worley
Title: Control Of
Zinc Deficiency, Insects And DisControl Of Zinc Deficiency, Insects And
Diseases By Use Of Slow Release vs Pressure Trunk Injection For Shade Trees
Key
Words: Trunk injection; pest management; mineral
nutrition
Publications
Resulting From Grant: Worley RE, RH Littrell
& JD Dutcher. 1980. A comparison of tree trunk injection and implantation
of zinc capsules for correction
of zinc deficiency. J. Arboric. 6:253-257.
Dutcher JD, RE Worley & RH Littrell. 1980. Trunk
injection of dicrotophos and trunk implantation of acephate to control foliar
pecan pests in urban plantings. J. Arboric. 6:294-297.
Summary
of Findings: Zinc sulfate was applied to pecan
tree trunks through implants and pressure trunk injection. Small amounts of chelated Zn solution were
also injected by means of small pressurized cartridges. The most effective and efficient method for
rapid correction of Zn deficiency of pecan when measured by leaflet Zn
concentration was by pressure trunk injection using 8 liters per tree of
solution containing 1 g of ZnSO4 per 2.5 cm of trunk circumference. Pressure trunk injection was the only method
which produced adequate leaflet Zn concentrations in September. Implants of equivalent amounts of ZnSO4
increased leaflet Zn over the control by September, but leaflets were still Zn
deficient and phytotoxicity of trunk cambium tisssue occurred. Pressurized cartridges were ineffective due
to the small amount of Zn provided.
Specialty
Interest: Commercial-1, Municipal-1, Utility 0,
General Interest0.
Chapter
in Which Research Conducted: Southern
Grant
No.: 025 Year of Award: 1980
Investigator:
David L. Morgan
Title: Selection Of
Key
Words: Tree selection; sycamore; Platanus spp.
Publications
Resulting From Grant: Morgan DL & JL
Sherald. 1991. Evaluating the genus Platanus for the landscape. J. Arboric.
17:ix-x.
Sherald JL,
limited bacteria from scorch-afflicted trees. Plant Dis.
67:849-852.
Summary
of Findings: Sycamore, Platanus occidentalis, is
common throughout the eastern
Specialty
Interest: Commercial-1, Municipal-1, Utility 0,
General Interest0.
Chapter
in Which Research Conducted:
Grant
No.: 026 Year of Award: 1980
Investigator:
Warren T. Johnson
Title: Studies On
Key
Words:
Publications
Resulting From Grant: Johnson WT. 1980. Spray
oils as insecticides. J. Arboric. 6:169-174.
Johnson WT. 1985. Horticultural oils. J. Environ. Hort.
3:188-191.
Summary
of Findings: Since Integrated Pest Management
(IPM) has come of age, additional considerations must be given to all of the
pest control tools. Superior oil is one
of our best, safest, and least expensive insecticides, and much
under-utilized. Rank confusion exits
among arborists and nurserymen as well as federal and provincial or state
agricultural and forestry advisors about the proper use of oils. Confusion will continue until the oil
specifications appear on all labels and in terms that the spray contractor can
understand. Responsibility for label
improvement rests with three groups: agricultural experiment station
researchers, agricultural chemical suppliers and formulators and the
Environmental Protection Agency; in
Specialty
Interest: Commercial-1, Municipal-1, Utility 0,
General Interest0.
Chapter
in Which Research Conducted:
Grant
No.: 027 Year of Award: 1980
Investigator:
Donald F. Schoeneweiss
Title: The Relation
of Environmental Stress To The Appearance Of Valsa (Cytospora) Canker On
Key
Words: Drought; temperature stress; spruce;
Cytospora canker
Publications
Resulting From Grant: Schoeneweiss DF. 1983.
Effect of drought and freezing stresses on susceptibility of blue spruce to
Cytospora (Valsa) canker. J. Arboric. 9:127.
Schoeneweiss, DF. 1983. Drought predisposition to Cytospora
canker in blue spruce. Plant Dis. 67:383-385.
Summary
of Findings: Stems of 5-yr-old Colorado blue
spruce wound-inoculated with a conidial isolate of Cytospora (Valsa) kunzei
became predisposed when subjected to controlled drought stress. Typical bark cankers appeared on stems with plant
water potentials below -20 bars, while no cankers formed on nonstressed stems
or stems subjected to freezing stress of -20 to -30C. Although the pathogen was recovered from wood
in both stressed and nonstressed stems, necrotic bark cankers formed only on
drought-stressed plants. These results
support the hypothesis that drought stress is the controlling predisposing
spruce to Cytospora canker.
Specialty
Interest: Commercial-1, Municipal-1, Utility 0,
General Interest0.
Chapter
in Which Research Conducted: Midwestern
Grant
No.: 028 Year of Award: 1980
Investigator:
Larry D. Smith
Title: Influence Of
Nitrogen, Phosphorus And Potassium
Fertilization On Verticillium dahliae Infections Of Landscape Trees
Key
Words: Mineral nutrition; Verticillium; plant
disease
Publications
Resulting From Grant: Smith LD. 1983. Major
nutrient influence on Verticillium dahliae infections on Acer saccharum. J.
Arboric. 9:277-281.
Summary
of Findings: Little is known about the influence
of N,P and K on the growth and movement of Verticillium in the vascular systems
of woody plants. Nutrient-depleted Acer
saccharum trees were fertilized with six treatment preparations containing
various concentrations of N,P and K.
Following the response of the trees to the fertilization, the trees were
inoculated with Verticillium dahliae.
Growth response of the trees to fertilization and the extent of
colonization of the trees by the pathogen were determined. Growth of the trees was correlated to the
concentration of N in the fertilizer and was described by the regression
equation Y=76.71 + 1.16X (r=0.306).
Phosphorus was not correlated to new growth of the trees. The effect of K was negatively correlated to
growth and was described by the regression equation Y=129.98 - 2.25X (r=
-0.456). The concentration of K was
significantly correlated to the colonization of inoculated trees with the
relationship described by the regression equation Y=100.7 - 2.14X (r=
-0.579). N and P concentrations were not
correlated to pathogen colonization of inoculated trees.
Specialty
Interest: Commercial-1, Municipal-1, Utility 0,
General Interest0.
Chapter
in Which Research Conducted: Southern
Grant
No.: 029 Year of Award: 1980
Investigator:
Michael J. Drilias